Appendixes Associated With Article Discussing Islamic Scripture

Below is a summary of the Huddud laws, followed by blasphemy laws, and far below is a review of post-WW2 religious related killing in text form:

Below is a summary of country by country blasphemy laws (and well below is a text summary of post-WW2 killing by religion):

Below is a concise incident-by-incident table (major post-WWII events) using inclusive attribution rules you approved: I include state-led mass killings when perpetrators can be plausibly identified with a religion or sect (e.g., Muslim-majority governments), insurgent/terror campaigns, sectarian (intra-religious) violence, communal riots, and major wars where religion was a salient identity marker. Death estimates are given as commonly cited ranges; sources are representative scholarly/NGO estimates (not exhaustively cited here). Totals at the bottom sum the midpoints of ranges for a rough comparative view — treat as indicative, not definitive.

Table columns: Event — Years — Estimated deaths (range) — Primary perpetrator identification — Brief note

  • Partition of India/Pakistan — 1947 — 200,000–2,000,000 — Hindus/Muslims (communal actors on both sides) — mass communal violence during partition and migration.
  • Indonesian anti-communist killings — 1965–66 — 500,000–1,000,000 — Mixed (some Muslim-majority actors among perpetrators) — anti-communist/anti-left purge; motives mainly political but perpetrators in a majority-Muslim country.
  • Algerian War (civilian deaths & reprisals) — 1954–1962 — ~200,000–300,000 — Algerian nationalists/French state (Muslim Algerian population central) — anti-colonial war with large civilian toll.
  • Bangladesh Liberation War (and associated massacres) — 1971 — 300,000–3,000,000 — Pakistani state forces (Muslim-identified Pakistan) — targeted killings including many Hindu civilians; political/ethnic drivers.
  • Iran–Iraq War (civilian+military deaths attributable to state actors) — 1980–1988 — ~500,000–1,000,000+ — Iraqi state (Sunni-dominated Ba'ath) and Iranian state (Shia theocratic state) — interstate war with sectarian overlay.
  • Cambodian genocide (Khmer Rouge) — 1975–1979 — 1,500,000–2,000,000 — Secular/communist (not religious) — included here only as contrast (ideology, not religion, primary).
  • Nigerian/Boko Haram insurgency & related violence — 2009–present — 30,000–300,000 (varies by period) — Islamist militants (Sunni) and counter-operations — terrorism, insurgency, communal displacement.
  • ISIS / ISIL campaigns (Iraq, Syria, region) — 2013–2019 (major peak) — 100,000–500,000+ (including war deaths in Iraq/Syria where ISIS was a major actor) — Islamist (Sunni) militants — mass killings, executions, terror campaigns, and battlefield deaths.
  • Taliban insurgency & associated violence (Afghanistan, including 1996–2001 regime and post‑2001 insurgency) — 1994–present — 100,000–300,000+ (decades of conflict) — Islamist (Sunni) — insurgency, terrorist attacks, and state repression.
  • Iran post-1979 state repression and Iran-backed militias (incl. Iraq/Iran tensions, sectarian proxies) — 1979–present — tens of thousands–hundreds of thousands (overlaps with Iran–Iraq War and regional proxy wars) — Shia-identified state and proxies.
  • Lebanese Civil War (sectarian) — 1975–1990 — ~120,000–150,000 — Mixed (Christian, Sunni, Shia, Druze militias) — complex sectarian/ political conflict.
  • Bosnian War (ethnic cleansing, Srebrenica genocide) — 1992–1995 — ~100,000–200,000 — Serb (mostly Orthodox Christian nationalist) and others; Bosniak victims (Muslim) targeted — ethnic/territorial conflict with religious identity salient.
  • Rwandan Genocide — 1994 — ~500,000–1,000,000 (commonly ~800,000) — Hutu extremists (ethnic, not primarily religious) — included as contrast (churches implicated in incidents; religion not primary driver).
  • Myanmar (Rohingya persecution, 2012 onward; 2017 military campaign) — 2012–present (2017 peak) — thousands–tens of thousands killed; ~700,000+ displaced — Buddhist-majority state actors and Buddhist nationalist mobs — ethnic cleansing/possible genocide against Rohingya Muslims.
  • Sri Lankan civil war & anti-Tamil violence (Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism interacting with Tamil separatism) — 1983–2009 (with 2009 final offensive) — ~80,000–100,000+ — Sri Lankan state (majority Sinhala Buddhist) vs. LTTE (Tamil) — ethnic/territorial war with religious/ethnic overlap.
  • Gujarat riots — 2002 — ~1,000–2,000 — Hindu mobs (and alleged state complicity) — communal violence targeting Muslims.
  • 1984 anti-Sikh riots (India) — 1984 — ~2,000–3,000 (estimates vary) — Hindu mobs/state actors — communal pogrom after Indira Gandhi’s assassination.
  • Central African Republic (Christian militias vs Muslim Seleka) — 2012–2014 (ongoing cycles) — ~5,000–10,000+ deaths and large displacement — mixed Christian and Muslim militias.
  • Northern Ireland (The Troubles) — 1969–1998 — ~3,500 — Protestant vs Catholic sectarian/paramilitary political conflict.
  • Other Islamist terrorism globally (al-Qaeda, regional affiliates) — 1990s–present — tens of thousands (combined, incl. 9/11 indirect war deaths many more) — Islamist militants (Sunni).
  • Other communal/sectarian episodes worldwide (e.g., pogroms, riots in various countries) — cumulative tens of thousands — mixed perpetrators across religions.

Rough summed midpoints (illustrative, non-precise):

  • Events where perpetrators are predominantly Muslim-identified (includes Islamist militants, Sunni/Shia state/sectarian actors, and major wars with Muslim-state perpetrators): combined midpoint estimate (sum of listed relevant midpoints) is on the order of several million (rough indicative midpoint total ~4–8 million), driven largely by Iran–Iraq War, Bangladesh 1971, ISIS/Taliban era conflicts, partition violence partial share, and other insurgencies.
  • Events where perpetrators are predominantly non-Muslim-identified (Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, secular nationalists): combined midpoints also number in the millions when including partition (shared), Cambodian genocide (secular), Bosnian/Serb actions, Myanmar (Buddhist actors), Sri Lanka, and others (~3–6 million indicative).
  • Secular/ideological regimes (e.g., Khmer Rouge) and ethnic conflicts where religion was secondary remain major components of total deaths.

Bottom line (concise):

  • Using inclusive rules you requested, it is plausible that Muslim-identified perpetrators (state and non-state, including intra-sect Sunni vs Shia violence) account for a plurality of violent deaths tied to religiously-identified actors since WWII — largely because many high-fatality conflicts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries involved Muslim-majority states or Islamist groups.
  • This conclusion is highly sensitive to attribution choices, event inclusion/exclusion, and death-estimate sources; different reasonable rules can yield different pluralities or none at all.

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